Raising Revenue For The Federal Budget Essay - 2176 Words

To raise revenue for the federal budget in hopes to improve and grow a country and its economy, the government uses methods of taxation. These methods are usually structured in such a way that they take the well being and best interest of the citizens into consideration. The revenue raised is used by the federal budget to fund the governmental programs implemented to keep the elderly, disabled, and the unemployed from falling below the poverty line. However, in regards to which tax system a country has, the government will always benefit in some way or the other. In the United States of America, there is a progressive taxation system where the rates are not fixed. Today, many taxpayers strive to familiarize themselves with the current tax system but many find it hard to do. Thus, the topic has been debated for many years now as to whether or not the United States government should change the current tax system and implement a flat tax system in its place to help reduce the strain on taxpayers by figuring out how tax rate should be distributed among the economic classes. Taxation has been a part of the United States history since the U.S. became an independent country in the 1700’s. It was one of the main reasons for the U.S to rebel against Great Britain, as a result, the American Revolution occurred due to the unfair taxes and the taxpayers felt that they were being taxed with no representation since they were not able to vote on the taxes they had to pay (Smith,Show MoreRelatedTaxes: Distributional Effects Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesthis time of economic crisis the top priority is to see revenue growth. It is important there is a fiscal solution to create a sustainable budget agreement providing fairness and a logical taxation process for both higher income and lower income people. Throughout this span of time, trying to figure out a budget deal, we see trends of tax cuts, raising of taxes and spending and investing. All of these trends aim at the same mission to raise revenue and create a stable fiscal environment for the futureRead MoreNational Deficit and National Debt Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagesfinally reached. Currently the national policy on the debt is to continue raising the debt limit until a solution is found that is agreeable between both parties in Congress. The two main issues of over spending and the constant raising of the debts ceiling by Congress can both be resolved by government spending reform, balancing the federal budget and initiating pro-growth policies in order to increase the government’s tax revenue. The debt ceiling is a term that holds a lot power and is currently controllingRead MoreState Budgeting Issues 1484 Words   |  6 Pagesday all states have struggled to balance their budget and not run a deficit. Throughout American history, this is said to be the worst recession since 1947 after World War II. Revenues fell substantially and unemployment went into the double digits. Throughout this struggle we’ve seen cuts in education, public services, increases in taxes and spending cuts. This recession has affected businesses and residence raging from young to elderly. The federal government has stepped in to help by providingRead MoreFederal Budget Deficit1343 Words   |  6 PagesExcessive Borrowing: Our Federal Government s Budget Deficit Maria comes home one day earlier than usual. Her family, two daughters of age five and eight and a stay-at-home husband, is surprised to see her so early and unexpectedly. The tired look on her face reveals the experience she had at work. She brings out a sluggish smile as her daughters rush up to greet her with their warm embraces, reminding her of the happiness they constantly provide but also saddened by their questionable futureRead MoreManaging Accountability Paper1638 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment Block Grant Program that give a positive impact to individuals by creating jobs and rehabilitating poverty stricken neighborhoods that not only provide a community with hope but also stimulate economic growth of the economy. Local, state, and federal governments also provide its citizens with advantages of amenities such as recreational activities, upgrading of water systems, and the maintenance and construction of roads and highways that spark growth of communities and econom y of the area. TheRead MoreThe State of the Federal Budget940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the current state of the Federal Budget? According to Shultz (2002), individuals and businesses fund the Federal Government through personal income and payroll taxes. With the unemployment rate at 8.1% as of January 1st, 2014 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014), created an overall shortage in both individual and business taxes. Segal (2010) points out that America has not had a balanced budget since 2001. In 2008 the US national debt held by foreign holdings was at 48%, while the publicRead MoreThe Australian Federal Budget for 2014/2015 Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe key initiatives of 2014/15 Federal Budget aimed at achieving the government’s economic objectives: The 2014‑15 Budget is part of the Government’s Economic Action Approach to repair the budget and build a strong and prosperous economy within the next few years. The substantial savings decisions in this Budget put Australia back on track to a sustainable and responsible budget position. The Government economic objectives are to provide for Australia; full employment, economic growth, externalRead MoreWashington Is The Largest And The 13th Most Populous State887 Words   |  4 Pagesprograms for bachelor’s and master’s degrees. With this being said, higher education accounts for approximately 18.1% of the total state budget and 8.2% of the general fund. Unfortunately this is still far below the â€Å"maintenance level† that is required for the universities to provide the same level of service as they did the year before. A maintenance-level budget includes cost increases over which the institutions have no control, such as negotiated wage and benefit agreements, inflation in the costRead MoreState Center Case Study Solution1205 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion deficit and proposed a 0.75 percent increase in sales taxes and other measures to cut spending and increase revenue to prevent defaulting at yesterday’s City Council meeting. City Treasurer and Clerk E.Z. Million announced that he, Mayor Rudy Walker and the City Manager John Paul Black had developed a plan to prevent a shortfall in the yearly budget, with a majority of the new revenue coming from increasing the sales tax to two percent from 1.25 percent, this plan was controversial with the membersRead MoreThe Gross Domestic Product Is A Economic Impact On The Economy1493 Words   |  6 Pagesuseful to see spending and revenue as a percentage of GDP rather than raw dollars because it gives an accurate proportion of governments spending and revenue, it is a performance measure to know how well the economy of a country is. The Factors being controlled by this approach is inflation, deflation, economic expansion and trends, currency rates and fluctuation. 1b.1940- 1945 saw the economy of the nation at a very high government spending GDP at 43% and revenue at 20%, meaning the government

William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice - 2059 Words

Artese claims that the flesh-bond plot in The Merchant of Venice resembles a folktale known as â€Å"A Pound of Flesh† (325). Artese supports his supposition with background context and parallels between the two story lines. Literary versions of the pound of flesh story circulated during the sixteenth century and were collected since the nineteenth century because of the plot’s longevity and populairity Shakespeare would have been familiar with pound of flesh stories (326). Human commodification is a central issue in both The Merchant of Venice and the folktale. When Portia states that Shylock cannot extract a drop of blood from Antonio and take no less or no more than an exact pound, this also alludes to the pound of flesh storyline (330-331). After establishing that The Merchant of Venice’s plot is based off of the pound of flesh storyline, the author explains that it was important for Shakespeare to use this specific plot because it shows the power dynamics be tween the Venetian Christian and the Jew. The pound of flesh folktale often centers around an outsider character trying to obtain pound the flesh that was agreed upon, but the outsider’s plea is usually foiled for â€Å"absurd† reasons (331). The Merchant of Venice is set in Venice because it was considered a relatively tolerant city; it was one of the only places where a Jew could have gone to court to defend such a bond (332). Shylock expected to be treated equally, but Artese shows that, like the folktale story, the law ofShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s comedy The Merchant of Venice uses contrasting religions to draw out major themes through the ethnic divides that are exemplified. The play expresses the extreme cultural divide between the Jews and Christians through a legal contract between two men. The rivalry between the two men, Shylock and Antonio is clear from the beginning of the play and only intensifies as it continu es on. Modern day readers most likely take away a slightly different message from the play than whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words   |  6 Pagesghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonio’s flesh if he does not meet his end of the bargain. By pitting the majority of his characters against Shylock, Shakespeare portrays Shylock in a way that discriminates against all JewsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2269 Words   |  10 PagesSamantha Hansen ENG 314 Brother Brugger 12.15.14 The Question of Shylock It is hard to read The Merchant of Venice without finding at least one character to sympathize with. The unforgettable villain Shylock as well as Portia, Shakespeare’s first and one of his most famous heroines are arguably some of this plays most beloved characters. But, is Shylock really the villain? Or is he a victim of circumstance? Shylock’s insistence for a pound of flesh has made him one of literatures most memorableRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1970 Words   |  8 Pagesthe titles are reflective of the protagonists featured within. For example, the famous titles of Julius Caesar and Hamlet tell the tragedies of those respective characters. However, when it comes to William Shakespeare’s fourteenth play, The Merchant of Venice, it can be argued that Antonio, the merchant, is not who the play is about. In fact, there is not just one character, but instead multiple that fit the description of the protagonist. The main plot, or rather p lots, of the play revolve aroundRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1315 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare the play is based upon the hierarchy between Christian men and Jewish men. A character by the name of Bassanio borrows money from his friend Antonio, and Antonio borrows the money from Shylock to give to Bassanio. Eventually, Antonio cannot pay the money back because his ships have supposedly sunk. Therefore, he comes close to death because he signed a bond with Shylock stating that Shylock would get a pound of his flesh if the bond was not repaidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesuseless dialogue can make readers skip over what seems like a false beginning to a good story. But think about this: what if those seemingly lengthy, extra, useless words were actually important? For example, the opening 115 lines of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice are provide minimal support to the story at first glance. In these lines, Antonio and his friends are discussing the dynamics of happiness and sadness in order to find the root of Antonio’s sad mood. This portion of the play givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice988 Words   |  4 PagesAs I finished reading Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, I realized that the struggle of the play gyrates around whether justice is truly served and is morality advocated or manipulated by those in authority. The struggle between the principles of justice have caused many readers to question the interaction between the definition of morality and justice. The bond that causes readers to take a closer look throughout the play originates from Shylock’s desire for vengeance and Antonio’s desireRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamentalist Americans. The ills of money-lending from the Eastern perspective have been fodder for Western literature for centuries, replete with illustrations that mirror the differences and similarities in East-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (BateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is so alike to our financially afflicted world. The rules of law and commerce are subject to deceptive manipulation, fear of the other overwhelms respect for a common humanity, duplicity is the norm, sexuality is a vehicle for ambition, and money drives and wraps almost every action. It is a classic tale that includes important details of the financial crisis in the Unit ed States during 2007-2009. Shakespeare’s Venice, like the New York of his time - and theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice 1189 Words   |  5 PagesNikki Vietz Ms. Seibel Honors English 12 1 May 2015 Was Shakespeare Prejudice? The premise of William Shakespeare comedy, The Merchant of Venice, is the hostile relationship between Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, and Antonio, a Christian trader. The two gentlemen have a deep history of hatred due to personal injuries and Antonio’s refusal to collect interest on loans. This hatred comes to a climax when Antonio’s friend, Bassanio wishes to borrow three thousands ducats from Antonio so he can travel

World War 1 Essay Example For Students

World War 1 Essay Chapter 1: The Right to Make WarSince 1795, when Immanuel Kant published in his old age his treatise on Perpetual Peace, many have considered it an established fact that war is the destruction of all good and the origin of all evil. In spite of all that history teaches, no conviction is felt that the struggle between nations is inevitable, and the growth of civilization is credited with a power to which war must yield. But, undisturbed by such human theories and the change of times, war has again and again marched from country to country with the clash of arms, and has proved its destructive as well as creative and purifying power. It has not succeeded in teaching mankind what its real nature is. Long periods of war, far from convincing men of the necessity of war, have, on the contrary, always revived the wish to exclude war, where possible, from the political intercourse of nations. This wish and this hope are widely disseminated even today. The maintenance of peace is lauded as the only goal at which statesmanship should aim. This unqualified desire for peace has obtained in our days a quite peculiar power over mens spirits. This aspiration finds its public expression in peace leagues and peace congresses; the Press of every country and of every party opens its columns to it. The current in this direction is, indeed, so strong that the majority of Governments professoutwardly, at any ratethat the necessity of maintaining peace is the real aim of their policy; while when a war breaks out the aggressor is universally stigmatized, and all Governments exert themselves, partly in reality, partly in pretense, to extinguish the conflagration. Pacific ideals, to be sure, are seldom the real motive of their action. They usually employ the need of peace as a cloak under which to promote their own political aims. This was the real position of affairs at the Hague Congresses,1 and this is also the meaning of the action of the United States of America, who in recent times have earnestly tried to conclude treaties for the establishment of Arbitration Courts, first and foremost with England, but also with Japan, France, and Germany. No practical results, it must be said, have so far been achieved. We can hardly assume that a real love of peace prompts these efforts. This is shown by the fact that precisely those Powers which, as the weaker, are exposed to aggression, and therefore were in the greatest need of international protection, have been completely passed over in the American proposals for Arbitration Courts. It must consequently be assumed that very matter-of-fact political motives led the Americans, with their commercial instincts, to take such steps, and induced perfidious Albion 2 to accede to the proposals. We may suppose that England intended to protect her rear in event of a war with Germany, but that America wished to have a free hand in order to follow her policy of sovereignty in Central America without hindrance, and to carry out her plans regarding the Panama Canal in the exclusive interests of America. Both countries certainly entertained the hope of gaining advantage over the other signatory of the treaty, and of winning the lions share for themselves. The orists and fanatics imagine that they see in the efforts of President Taft a great step forward on the path to perpetual peace, and enthusiastically agree with him. Even the Minister for Foreign Affairs in England, with well-affected idealism, termed the procedure of the United States an era in the history of mankind. .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 , .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .postImageUrl , .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 , .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138:hover , .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138:visited , .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138:active { border:0!important; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138:active , .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138 .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9339b544a66916b879666e7f698f1138:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Violence6 EssayThis desire for peace has rendered most civilized nations anemic, and marks a decay of spirit and political courage such as has often been shown by a race of Epigoni. It has always been, Heinrich von Treitschke tells us, the weary, spiritless, and exhausted ages which have played with the dream of perpetual peace. 3Everyone will, within certain limits, admit that the endeavors to diminish the dangers of war and to mitigate the sufferings which war entails are justifiable. It is an incontestable fact that war temporarily disturbs industrial life, interrupts quiet economic development, brings widespread misery with it, and emphasizes the primitive brutality of man. It is therefore

Sustainable Cities and Regions Network †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Cities and Regions Network. Answer: Introduction The question relating to the crucial role of third party notice rights and review have been one of the contemporary issues forming the contemporary debates in the urban planning an policies over years. In most of the jurisdictions in Victoria demands for maximum public participations have influenced the planning process through a widening appeals made in the courts of law to allow third party appeals. Even though the third party notice rights and review is crucial many countries has not fully adopted the application of policy. The content of this paper also forms part of the debate trying to validate Third party notice and review rights serve a crucial role in preserving the fairness and inclusiveness of the Victorian planning system, and this outweighs the problems that they cause. Third party notice and review rights serve a crucial role in preserving the fairness and inclusiveness of the Victorian planning system, and this outweighs the problems that they cause. The above statement according my best understanding of the planning scheme is valid. This is because the development is not and should not only be the end product but must also be fair throughout the whole process. Third party notice and review rights are to best of my knowledge serve a crucial role in presenting the fairness and inclusiveness of the Victorian planning system compared to the problems which sometimes comes with the appeals confirmed (Local Government Association of South Australia 2014). The third party notice and rights review provides the members of the public with an opportunity to offer their ideas to development planning leading to citizen satisfaction. Moreover, the landowners in most of the occasions have a very crucial and legitimate interest on the whether any development should occur and the type of development that should be settled on by the government. This is because any new venture or development project has effects to the general neighborhood character , the available amenities, infrastructural and property values (Cook et.al 2012). The interest of the landowners in such situations are based on the non-pecuniary effects but in the most cases have proved to be important as pecuniary issues. The development process should be equitable and where the participants in the process have the rights to appeal, the third party notice and review rights should also be seen as important (Cook et.al 2012). The third party notice and review rights is important as it makes the community a key stakeholder in development planning and without the third party notice and review right the general community is eliminated as a stakeholder in the planning and development process. The benefits which comes with the third party notice and rights review results to a better planning decisions. Even though in most of the cases objectors do not completely win in overturning the decision of the Australian council in the favor of the development process, but more of the half of the issues raised by the objectors are successfully addressed adding weight to the development confirmed (Local Government Association of South Australia 2014). Third party appeals therefore do enable development proposals to be critically evaluated in more detailed form leading to refinement of the system of planning even though this comes at a cost. Further, the application of the third party notice and rights review afford the broader base input by increasing the debate and the capability for the local knowledge to inform the planning approvals which leads to improved development outcomes. The application of third party notice and review rights in Victorian development system discourages corruption within the system. When the government is left alone in making decision related to planning and development of Victoria, collusive behavior have been witnessed but this is pointless with the application of third party notice and review rights as it allows the citizen to make an appeal the council (Ellis 2006). In relation to the corruption the third party enhances transparency in the general process of development as it enables members of the community and property owners to check development decisions through and independent review bodies. This scares away corrupt individuals who in most of the time do shoddy development projects by making every key stakeholder in a development project accountable. This also improves the quality of projects done in Victoria. Another important aspect of the third party is its ability to improve consultations during planning and execution of various development projects in Victoria. The third party notice and review rights encourage parties responsible for a given development project to deal with the members of the local community in a more engaging manner (Ellis 2006). This improved engagement puts pressure on the developers to concede and improve the architectural or the design elements of the project where appropriate and reasonably applicable. Even though third party notice and review rights have several advantages which outweighs its effects to the planning system in Victoria. The application of the third party and review rights have also some disadvantages which should also be looked into prior to the application. The application of the third party appeals in the development process is quite challenging and many arguments have been raised against its use (Cook et.al 2012). The use of appeal right in planning legislations are several but the benefits of the third party notice and review rights outweigh them. The consideration of third party notice and review rights in the planning legislations adds a significant delays in the Victorian planning system. The delay comes as the members of the public have to be consulted prior to the commencement of any new development project and objectors makes appeals which also takes time to be heard by the jurisdiction and making of judgment. The third party appeals also adds cost of a n ew project in Victoria as review parties have to be assigned and the evaluation of project planning also needs money to be properly done (Ellis 2006). Moreover, third party notice and review rights creates a meddlers charters as well as open floodgate to non-interested parties. The application of the third party notice cab also be a deterrent to economic development through investments in Victorian local economy. This is because the third party notice and review rights allow the local community to make decisions in relation to new projects which may also be crucial to the economy (Hurl et.al 2011). The whole process and jurisdictions may scare away foreign investors who may be interested in venturing into business in Victoria. Another argument against third party notice and review is that it provides an opportunity for a well-heeled vocal minority and reduces the representatives power and this allows the local community to dominate. A part from the above disadvantages, consideration of third party in the system planning exacerbate issues which in most of time are related social exclusion as well as massive social disadvantages. It also reinforces and adversarial approach to development projects and lastly weakens the representative nature of the local decision making and democracy. In addition to the problems which comes with the consideration of third party notice and review rights, the time of considering the appeals on development proposals may sometimes be unnecessary since the community members is believed to have had an opportunity to add their concerns as input to the project (Hurley, Cook and Taylor 2013). To some individuals the third party is waste of time and a delay to development to development projects as it is clear that members of local community had their time to determine the appropriate forms of developments within their local areas during the consultations while coming up with town planning scheme or town development planning. In my view most the above disadvantages may not all be true, it is clear that the third party notice and review rights have some challenges but most of them may be omitted. In relation to cost as problem of the third party appeals, it is true that third party will a cost of the project. It is also valid that third party will course delays in the commencement of a new development project in situations where the development approval has been confirmed (Local Government Association of South Australia 2014). However, with valid evidence the consideration of third party notice and review rights do not open any floodgates, the third party notice and review rights also have no effect on the project and cannot deter projects which comply to the planning scheme as well as with limited effect to the environment and the neighbors. Conclusion As much as such disadvantages have been brought into light by various scholar and experts, the application of the third party notice and review rights in inclusive system of planning in Victoria is still crucial. The benefits as discussed above absolutely outweighs the disadvantages of the third party notice and review rights. Development projects and developers should only consider the outcome of any new project but should also consider the effect of the same project to the local people in Victoria. The most important part of the third party notice and review is its ability to positively influence system of planning thereby leading to perfectly evaluated and perfect development projects which satisfies the local community. In conclusion the statement Third party notice and review rights serve a crucial role in preserving the fairness and inclusiveness of the Victorian planning system, and this outweighs the problems that they cause is valid based on the above justification in the co ntent. References Cook, N. Taylor, E. Hurley, J. and Colic-Peisker, V. 2012, 'Resident third party objections and appeals against planning applications: implications for higher density and social housing - AHURI Final Report No. 197', in AHURI Final Report Series, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia, vol. 197, pp. 1 -98, ISSN: 1834-7223. Ellis, Geraint 2006. Third party appeals: Pragmatism and principle. Planning Theory and Practice 7.3: pp. 330-339. Hurley, J. Taylor, E. Cook, N. and Colic-Peisker, V. 2011 , In the fast lane: Bypassing third party objections and appeals in third party planning process, in State of Australian Cities National Conference 2011, Australian Sustainable Cities and Regions Network (ASCRN), Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1 -10. Hurley, J, Cook, N and Taylor, E 2013, 'Examining three planning pathways in the mediation of resident opposition to compact city', in Nicole Gurran and Bill Randolph (ed.) Proceedings of the State of Australian Cities National Conference 2013, Sydney, Australia, 26 - 29 November 2013, pp. 1 -12. Local Government Association of South Australia, 2014, Planning and Appeals Review Planning Reform Issues Paper